Neuro-Ophthalmology

Questions:
101. What are the characteristics of hereditary optic neuropathies?
102. When should hereditary optic neuropathies be suspected?
103. What is the most common hereditary optic neuropathy?
104. What misdiagnosis is often made in dominant optic atrophy?
105. What is the typical disk appearance in dominant optic atrophy?
106. Can hereditary optic atrophies have other neurologic or systemic signs?
107. Are hereditary optic atrophies associated with degenerative or developmental diseases?
108. How is Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) inherited?
109. What are the clinical findings in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)?
110. What can be associated with  Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON?
111. Is there a genetic blood test for Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)?
112. Does spontaneous vision improvement occur in some patients with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)?
113. What test should be done on patients confirmed as having Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)?
114. Which hereditary optic atrophy often has disk cupping in addition to bilateral temporal disk pallor?
115. What are the characteristics of Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy (DOA)?

Questions:
95. Do anterior and large intraorbital lesions produce optic disc swelling?
96. Do intracranial, intracanalicular, and posterior orbital compressive lesions typically produce disc swelling?
97. How is the presumed diagnosis of compressive optic neuropathy confirmed?
98. What are the characteristic findings of optic nerve sheath meningioma?
99. What are 7 characteristic findings of optic nerve glioma/pilocytic astrocytoma?
100. What are 6 characteristic findings of craniopharyngioma?

Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 8 – Optic Neuropathies 7

Questions:
85. How long after radiation does radiation optic neuropathy devel
86. What are the characteristics of radiation optic neuropathy?
87. In which race is arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy most commonly seen?
88. What is the typical age of onset of arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy?
89. What are the usual systemic symptoms associated with arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy?
90. Can visual loss be the only symptom of arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy?
91. Is visual loss in arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy usually severe?
91. What should recurrent episodes of transient monocular visual loss or transient diplopia suggest in an individual over 50?
93. Other than giant cell arteritis, what are causes of arteritic AION and PION?
94. In presumed arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy, should the results of a temporal artery biopsy be obtained before starting high dose systemic corticosteroid therapy?

Questions:
71. What should the findings of AION in the absence of a small crowded optic nerve head with a small cup-to-disk ratio suggest?
72. Which is more likely to have pain, nonarteritic AION or Arteritic AION
73. If the reduction of visual acuity is small in nonarteritic AION, how is color vision likely to be affected?
74. What kind of process is believed to be present in diabetic papillopathy?
75. How is diabetic papillopathy distinguished from typical nonarteritic AION?
76. Is nonarteritic AION associated with ipsilateral internal carotid artery stenosis?
77. What are 9 risk factors for nonarteritic AION?
78. Should the internal carotid arteries be evaluated in nonarteritic AION?
79. Is there an increased risk of cerebrovascular disease in the population of patients with AION?
80. Does the presence of optic nerve head drusen or papilledema increase the risk of nonarteritic AION?
81. What medication may induce an optic neuropathy that mimics nonarteritic AION?
82. Is there a proven treatment for nonarteritic AION?
83. What conditions are associated with nonarteritic PION?
84. How is nonarteritic PION diagnosed?

Questions:
59. What are the fundus findings of neuroretinitis?
60. When do the retinal abnormalities of neuroretinitis appear in the course of the illness?
61. What is the most common cause of neuroretinitis?
62. How does neuroretinitis affect the risk for multiple sclerosis?
63. What is the blood supply blood to the optic nerve head?
64. What is the blood supply blood to the retrobulbar optic nerve?
65. What is the origin of the short ciliary arteries?
66. What is the origin of the long ciliary arteries?
67. Do emboli usually reach the short or long ciliary arteries?
68. What arteries supply the iris and ciliary body?
69. Is the work-up for ischemic non-arteritic optic neuropathies the same as for a retinal or a cerebral infarction?
70. How much more common is AION than PION?

Questions:
46. How is the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica (NMO), Devic disease, made?
47. In what setting does acute or subacute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) develop?
48. What condition may the clinical symptoms and MRI changes of acute or subacute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) mimic?
49. Is optic neuritis common in secondary and tertiary syphilis?
50. What are the typical findings of optic neuritis in secondary and tertiary syphilis?
51. What is the visual prognosis for adequately treated secondary and tertiary syphilis?
52. How is syphilitic optic neuritis treated?
53. Is syphilitic optic neuritis an uncommon cause of visual loss in patients infected with HIV?
54. What are examples of opportunistic infections invading the CNS that can produce optic neuritis?
55. Is sarcoid optic neuritis always associated with neurosarcoidosis?
56. What does the lumbar puncture often show in sarcoid optic neuritis?
57. What does the MRI typically show in sarcoid optic neuritis?
58. What kind of response to treatment is seen In most cases of sarcoid optic neuritis?

Questions:
18. Is the onset of optic neuritis acute or subacute?
19. Is the onset of most cases of optic neuritis painful or painless?
20. Can the pain precede the vision loss in optic neuropathies?
21. Is the pain from acute optic neuropathy usually exacerbated by eye movement?
22. How long does the loss of central vision progress?
23. What 8 factors should be evaluated in a patient with a suspected recent onset of optic neuritis?
24. Under what circumstances should a lumbar puncture be done in optic neuritis?
25. Is bilateral optic neuritis is more common in children than in adults?
26. In optic neuritis, under what circumstances should an MRI of the spine with contrast be obtained?
27. In optic neuritis, under what circumstances should NMO antibodies be obtained?
28. What are the 5 categories in the classification of optic neuritis?
29. Optic neuritis is associated with what 4 demyelinating conditions?  
30. What are examples of bacterial diseases associated with optic neuritis
31. What are examples of viral diseases associated with optic neuritis?
32. What are examples of parasitic diseases associated with optic neuritis? 33. What are examples of fungal diseases associated with optic neuritis?
34. What are the examples of post-vaccination optic neuritis?
35. What are the examples of inflammatory disorders associated with optic neuritis?

Questions:
1. What are optic neuropathies with an acute onset and with a normal optic nerve called?
2. What are optic neuropathies with an acute onset and with a swollen optic nerve head called?
3. After the onset of visual loss in a case of optic neuropathy, when does the optic nerve head become pale?
4. When is electrophysiologic testing is useful in acute optic neuropathies?
5. What does a painful orbital apex syndrome in a diabetic patient suggest
6. In addition to the optic nerve what structures pass through the optic canal?
7. What structures pass through the superior orbital fissure?
8. How is color vision typically affected in disease of the optic nerve?
9. How is the pupil typically affected in disease of the optic nerve?
10. How is the photostress test recovery typically affected in disease of the optic nerve?
11. How is the ERG typically affected in disease of the optic nerve?
12. How is the Amsler grid typically affected in disease of the optic nerve
13. How is color vision typically affected in disease of the macula?
14. How is the pupil typically affected in disease of the macula?
15. How is the photostress test recovery typically affected in disease of the macula?
16. How is the ERG typically affected in disease of the macula?
17. How is the Amsler grid typically affected in disease of the macula?