Questions:
1. What are the signs of Horner Syndrome?
2. What signs and symptoms and signs can be associated with Horner syndrome?
3. Which eye drops can be used to establish the diagnosis of Horner syndrome?
4. What is the mechanism of action of cocaine when used to test Horner syndrome?
5. What is observed when testing for Horner syndrome with cocaine?
6. What is the mechanism of action of the apraclonidine when used to test Horner syndrome?
7. What is observed when testing for Horner syndrome with apraclonidine?
8. Which eye drop is used to localize which order neuron is involved in Horner syndrome?
9. What is the mechanism of hydroxyamphetamine when used to test Horner syndrome?
10. What is observed when hydroxyamphetamine is used to test Horner syndrome?
11. What is the classic cause of a first-order neuron Horner syndrome?
12. What does the combination of an ipsilateral Horner syndrome (first-order) and contralateral superior oblique palsy (fourth nerve palsy) suggest?
13. What does the combination of an ipsilateral Horner syndrome and (third-order) and an abducens paresis suggest?
14. What should the presumed cause of an acute painful Horner syndrome?
15. If the localization of a Horner syndrome is unknown what imaging tests should be done?
16. In a young child with an isolated Horner syndrome a workup should be done for what condition?
17. What imaging test should be done in a child with a Horner syndrome without a surgical history to explain it?

Questions:
1. When examining the pupils, what should you record?
2. Does a RAPD cause anisocoria?
3. If a patient is suspected of having optic neuropathy (regardless of the cause) has no RAPD does that rule-out this diagnosis?
4. If a patient has a severe bilateral optic neuropathy will the pupils respond to near stimuli?
5. Which order neuron is involved when the Horner syndrome is caused by a tumor in the apex of a lung?
6. Why do patients with a third-order Horner syndrome usually do not have anhidrosis?
7. What is neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction of the iris sphincter to result in pupillary constriction?
8. What is neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction of the iris sphincter to result in pupillary dilation?
9. Why do lesions of the geniculate nucleus, the optic radiations, or the visual cortex not affect pupillary size or pupillary reactivity?
10. What is the course of the parasympathetic fibers for pupillary constriction from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus to the ciliary ganglion?
11. What is the ratio of postganglionic parasympathetic fibers that innervate the ciliary muscle to those that innervate the pupillary sphincter muscle?