Archives for December 2019

Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 13 Diplopia 6 – 3rd Nerve Palsy

Questions:
71. How are 3rd nerve dysfunctions classified?
72. What is the definition of a partial 3rd nerve palsy?
73. What are the two categories of complete 3rd nerve palsies?
74. What is meant by “a pupil-sparing 3rd nerve palsy”?
75. What tests should be done when a patient over age 50 presents with an isolated incomplete 3rd nerve palsy and the pupil is involved?
76. What should be done when a patient over age 50 presents with an isolated complete 3rd nerve palsy and the pupil is Not involved?
77. What should be done when a patient over age 50 presents with an isolated complete 3rd nerve palsy, the pupil is Not involved; normal blood glucose, CBC, platelets, ESR, and CRP is followed daily and develops pupillary involvement?
78. What is the most common cause of an isolated “pupil-sparing 3rd nerve palsy”?
79. Are microvascular 3rd nerve palsies painful?
80. What should be ruled-out when making the diagnosis of a microvascular complete 3rd nerve palsy with pupil-sparing in a patient over 50?
81. What in addition to cranial arteritis should be considered when making the diagnosis of a microvascular pupil complete 3rd nerve palsy with pupil-sparing?
82. How long does it usually take for a microvascular 3rd nerve palsy to resolve?
83. If a complete 3rd nerve palsy with pupil-sparing thought to be of microvascular origin does not clear in 4 months what should be done?
84. What test should be done in a patient under age 50 who presents with an isolated 3rd nerve palsy with or without pupillary involvement?
85. Should the pupils of a patient with an acute 3rd nerve palsy with “pupil sparing” be dilated to complete the eye exam?
86. A patient without a history of trauma has signs of aberrant regeneration of the 3rd nerve. What should be ruled-out?
87. What are the symptoms of pituitary apoplexy?
88. What are the findings when there is a unilateral lesion of the entire 3rd nerve nucleus?
89. Why does a complete unilateral nuclear 3rd nerve palsy have bilateral ptosis?
90. Why does a complete unilateral nuclear 3rd nerve palsy have bilateral elevation deficits?
91. What are the findings of a unilateral lesion of the 3rd nerve fascicle?

Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 13 – Diplopia 5 – 4th Nerve Palsy

Questions:
61. What are 6 characteristics of a 4th nerve palsy?
62. When a patient has a 3rd nerve palsy and the eye cannot adduct, how can the function of the ipsilateral 4th nerve shown to be present?
63. What 5 other conditions should be considered when the patient has the findings of a 4th nerve palsy?
64. A patient has a 4th nerve lesion associated with a contralateral Horner syndrome, where does this localize the lesion?
65. A microvascular 4th nerve palsy is suspected because the 60-year-old patient has diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia what tests should be ordered?
66. A presumed microvascular 4th nerve palsy in a 60-year-old patient with diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia has not resolved within 3-6 months, what tests should be ordered?
67. A 40-year-old patient appears to have a 4th nerve functional defect. What diagnoses in addition to 4th nerve palsy should be considered?
68. A 60-year-old patient presents with intermittent vertical diplopia with the findings of a 4th nerve palsy on the 3-step-test. What in addition to an acquired 4th nerve palsy, restriction, myasthenia, Wernicke encephalopathy, and cranial arteritis should be considered? 
69. Are congenital fourth cranial nerve palsies common?
70. What are 3 findings characteristic of a congenital a decompensated congenital 4th nerve palsy?

Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 13 – 4 – 6th Nerve Palsy

Questions:
47. Which cranial nerve passes through the Dorello canal beneath the petroclinoid (Gruber) ligament?
48. Where is the nucleus for the 6th cranial nerve located?
49. What are the clinical findings of a unilateral 6th nerve nuclear lesion?
50. Why does a unilateral nuclear 6th nerve palsy cause an ipsilateral horizontal gaze palsy?
51. Why is a unilateral 6th nerve palsy often accompanied by an ipsilateral 7th nerve palsy?
52. Where is the lesion in a patient with an ipsilateral Horner syndrome and 6th nerve palsy?
53. Where is the lesion in a patient with an ipsilateral Horner syndrome, 6th nerve palsy associated with 3rd nerve, 4th nerve, V1 and V2 deficits?
54. A microvascular 6th nerve palsy is suspected because the 60-year-old patient has diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia what tests should be done?
55. A presumed microvascular 6th nerve palsy is suspected in the 60-year-old patient with diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia has not resolved within 3-6 months, what test should be ordered?
56. What explains the findings of Duane syndrome?
57. What are the findings of Duane syndrome?
58. Are systemic associations common in Duane syndrome?
59. What is Möbius syndrome?
60. What should be done in a patient with bilateral 6th nerve palsies and a normal MRI?