Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated 16 – Nystagmus and Other Ocular Oscillations 3

Questions:
25. What is oculopalatal myoclonus?
26. What is oculomasticatory myorhythmia?
27. What is convergence retraction nystagmus?
28. What is superior oblique myokymia?
29. What is ocular bobbing?
30. What are saccadic intrusions?
31. What is ocular flutter?
32. What is opsoclonus?
33. What are the causes of ocular flutter and opsoclonus?
34. What is ocular dysmetria?
35. What is voluntary nystagmus?
36. What disease must be considered when a patient has confusion, ataxia, ophthalmoplegia (any pattern) and nystagmus?

Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 14 – Orbital Syndromes

Questions:
1. What is an orbital syndrome?
2. What are the common features of the orbital syndromes?
3. What are 5 categories of acute or subacute orbital syndromes?
4. What is the most cause of unilateral or bilateral proptosis?
5. What should be suspected if there is proptosis with globe displacement?
6. What tumor is classically associated with fat atrophy and enophthalmos?
7. Why do patients with an orbital syndrome need to be evaluated urgently?
8. What imaging tests are appropriate for orbital syndromes?
9. Do brain CT and MRI scans often miss orbital processes?
10.Is orbital biopsy often necessary?

Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 13 Diplopia 13 – Localization of Findings & Treatment of Diplopia – 3rd and 4th Nerves

Questions:
161. Where do these findings localize the lesion: 4th nerve palsy with contralateral Horner syndrome?
162Where do these findings localize the lesion: 3rd nerve palsy with contralateral ptosis and contralateral superior rectus weakness?
163. Where do these findings localize the lesion: 3rd nerve palsy with contralateral hemiparesis?
164. Where do these findings localize the lesion: 3rd nerve palsy and ipsilateral cerebellar ataxia?
165. Where do these findings localize the lesion: 3rd nerve palsy and contralateral tremor?
166. Where do these findings localize the lesion: 3rd nerve palsy and contralateral ataxia with tremor?
167. Where do these findings localize the lesion: 3rd nerve palsy with vertical gaze palsy, lid retraction, skew deviation, and convergence nystagmus?
168. Where do these findings localize the lesion: 3rd nerve palsy with depressed mental status?

Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 13 Diplopia 13 – Localization of Findings & Treatment of Diplopia – 6th nerve

Questions:
156. Where do these findings localize the lesion: Horizontal gaze palsy with ipsilateral facial palsy?
157. Where do these findings localize the lesion: 6th nerve palsy with contralateral hemiparesis?
158. Where do these findings localize the lesion: 6th nerve palsy with ipsilateral 7th nerve palsy and contralateral hemiparesis?
159. Where do these findings localize the lesion: 6th nerve palsy with ipsilateral 7th nerve palsy, deafness, hypoesthesia, Horner syndrome, contralateral pain, thermal hypoesthesia, and ataxia?
160. Where do these findings localize the lesion: 6th nerve palsy with ipsilateral Horner syndrome?

Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 13 Diplopia 12 – Skew, Tilt, Whipple & Ocular Neuromyotonia

Questions:
143. What are 7 characteristics of Skew Deviation?
144. What test can help differentiate a 4th nerve palsy from skew deviation?
145. What is the ocular tilt reaction?
146. What transmission pathway is disrupted in skew deviation and the ocular tilt reaction?
147. What infectious condition can cause a vertical gaze palsy?
148. What is the cause of Whipple disease?
149. What are the findings of Whipple disease?
150. Where are saccadic eye movements initiated?
151. Where are smooth pursuit eye movements generated?
152. What is the function of inputs to the visual system from the vestibular nuclear complexes?
153. What is Ocular Neuromyotonia?
154. What are the symptoms of Ocular Neuromyotonia?
155.  What is the usual cause of Ocular Neuromyotonia?

Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 13 Diplopia 10 – Convergence, Divergence & Ocular Motor Apraxia

Questions:
125. What is congenital ocular motor apraxia?
126. What is convergence spasm?
127. What is the cause of convergence spasm?
128. What test will usually differentiate convergence spasm from a bilateral 6th nerve palsy?
129. What is convergence insufficiency?
130. How is convergence insufficiency treated?
131. What are causes of convergence insufficiency?
132. What is divergence insufficiency?
133. What causes divergence insufficiency?
134. What lesion location is likely in the presence of horizontal conjugate deviation of the eyes to one side?

Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 13 Diplopia 9 – Internuclear & Supranuclear Lesions

Questions:
115. A patient has a deficit of adduction of the one eye, nystagmus of the fellow abducting eye, skew deviation and the adduction deficit is overcome with convergence. What condition is present?
116. A patient has a deficit of adduction of the one eye, nystagmus of the fellow abducting eye, skew deviation and the adduction deficit is overcome with convergence. Where is the lesion?
117. What are 4 findings of a unilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia?
118. A patient has a deficit of adduction of both eyes, nystagmus of the fellow abducting eye, exotropia, and loss of convergence. What condition is present?
119. Where is the lesion located in wall-eyed bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia (WEBINO)?
120. A patient has the following findings: a gaze palsy to one side, and on attempted gaze to the opposite side impaired adduction and nystagmus of the abducting eye. In addition, the patient has a facial palsy on the side with the gaze palsy. What syndrome is present?
121. Where is the lesion in the One-and-a-Half Syndrome?
122. What are 2 common causes of isolated internuclear ophthalmoplegia?
123. What conditions may mimic an isolated internuclear ophthalmoplegia?
124. What conditions may mimic the one-and-a-half syndrome?

Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 13 Diplopia 8 – Miller Fisher, Guillain-Barré & Botulism

Questions:
104. What diagnoses should be considered in all cases of new-onset constant or transient ptosis and/or diplopia?
105. What syndromes have ataxia, areflexia, and ophthalmoplegia?
106. What is the Miller Fisher syndrome?
107. What is the Guillain-Barré syndrome?
108. What is the difference between the Miller Fisher and the Guillain-Barré syndromes?
109. When should the Wernicke encephalopathy be considered?
110. What is Wernicke encephalopathy?
111. What does botulism do to the pupils and what are its other symptoms?
112. What is the infectious agent of botulism?
113. What is the mechanism of botulism toxin?
114. What is the treatment for botulism?

Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 13 Diplopia 7 – Lesion Involves Multiple Cranial Nerves

Questions:
92. What signs when associated with lesions causing unilateral or bilateral ophthalmoplegia may help localize the lesion?
93. What are the findings of the orbital apex syndrome?
94. Do brainstem lesions often produce multiple cranial nerve palsies?
95. What are 4 systemic disorders that affect the cranial nerves?
96. What condition should be considered in patients with unilateral or bilateral ophthalmoplegia and normal pupils presumed to result from multiple cranial neuropathies?
97. What is the likely cause of a painful orbital apex syndrome in a diabetic patient?
98. Do normal orbital imaging studies rule out an orbital apex lesion?
99. Does the orbital apex syndrome involve the second division of the fifth nerve?
100. What are the findings of the cavernous sinus syndrome?
101. If a cavernous sinus syndrome includes venous hypertension (carotid-cavernous fistula or cavernous sinus thrombosis), what additional findings may be present?
102. Which cranial nerves are enclosed in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus?
103. Why do cavernous carotid artery aneurysms often present with an isolated sixth nerve palsy?

Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 13 – 4 – 6th Nerve Palsy

Questions:
47. Which cranial nerve passes through the Dorello canal beneath the petroclinoid (Gruber) ligament?
48. Where is the nucleus for the 6th cranial nerve located?
49. What are the clinical findings of a unilateral 6th nerve nuclear lesion?
50. Why does a unilateral nuclear 6th nerve palsy cause an ipsilateral horizontal gaze palsy?
51. Why is a unilateral 6th nerve palsy often accompanied by an ipsilateral 7th nerve palsy?
52. Where is the lesion in a patient with an ipsilateral Horner syndrome and 6th nerve palsy?
53. Where is the lesion in a patient with an ipsilateral Horner syndrome, 6th nerve palsy associated with 3rd nerve, 4th nerve, V1 and V2 deficits?
54. A microvascular 6th nerve palsy is suspected because the 60-year-old patient has diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia what tests should be done?
55. A presumed microvascular 6th nerve palsy is suspected in the 60-year-old patient with diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia has not resolved within 3-6 months, what test should be ordered?
56. What explains the findings of Duane syndrome?
57. What are the findings of Duane syndrome?
58. Are systemic associations common in Duane syndrome?
59. What is Möbius syndrome?
60. What should be done in a patient with bilateral 6th nerve palsies and a normal MRI?