Archives for July 2020

Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 20 – Conditions Commonly Encountered in Neuro-ophthalmology 5

Questions:
38. What type of iris nodules are present in Neurofibromatosis Type 1, and  Neurofibromatosis Type 2?
39. What are the ocular or CNS manifestations of Neurofibromatosis Type 1?
40. What are the ocular or CNS manifestations of Neurofibromatosis Type 2?
41. What is the classic findings triad in tuberous sclerosis?
42. What is the most prominent ocular manifestation of Tuberous sclerosis?
43. What autosomal dominant condition is associated with multiple, bilateral retinal angiomas and intracranial cerebellar hemangioblastomas?
44. What condition should be suspected in a patient with findings of telangiectasias of the conjunctival vessels and oculomotor apraxia?
45. A patient has an upper eyelid hemangioma, intraocular hypertension, and homonymous hemianopia, what condition is likely to be present?
46. What are the ocular manifestations of Sturge-Weber syndrome?
47. What are the findings of the Wyburn-Mason Syndrome?
48. What are the findings of the Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome?

Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 20 – Conditions Commonly Encountered in Neuro-ophthalmology 4

Questions:
34. A patient has infectious meningitis with severe papilledema. What risk does this pose and what treatment is appropriate?
35. A patient presents with slowly progressive memory loss, cognitive impairment, oculomasticatory movements (myorhythmia), supranuclear vertical gaze palsy. What curable condition should be considered and what lab tests can be used to make the diagnosis?
36. What are 3 classic causes of raised ICP in a patient with known cancer? 37. What are the neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of paraneoplastic syndromes?

Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 20 – Conditions Commonly Encountered in Neuro-ophthalmology 3

Questions:
27. Multiple sclerosis is more common in:
1. Men or Women? 
2. African-Americans, Caucasians, or Hispanics?
28. What is Lhermitte sign and is it a classic finding in Multiple sclerosis?
29. What are the common eye symptoms of multiple sclerosis?
30. What is the 15-year risk of multiple sclerosis after an initial episode of optic neuritis:
1. overall 
2. with no MRI lesions
3. with 1 MRI lesions 
4. with 2 MRI lesions
5. with ≥ 3 MRI lesions
31. How common is mild-to-severe eye pain in optic neuritis?
32. What are the characteristics of Neuromyelitis Optica (Devic disease)?
33. What treatments are useful Neuromyelitis Optica?

Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 20 – Conditions Commonly Encountered in Neuro-ophthalmology 2

Questions: 
16.  What condition should be considered in any patient over 50 with transient or constant diplopia?
17. What condition should be considered in any patient over 50 with headaches
18. Is Cranial Arteritis common, uncommon, or rare among Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and Whites?
19. What percent of patients will have premonitory visual symptoms, usually within the week preceding permanent visual loss from Cranial Arteritis?
20. What are the 7 ophthalmic signs in a patient with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy that are highly suggestive of Cranial Arteritis?
21. In what percentage of patients with Cranial Arteritis will the ESR be normal?
22. Is the CRP ever normal in Cranial Arteritis?
23. What other blood tests may be elevated in Cranial Arteritis?
24. How long will patients with Cranial Arteritis generally need to be treated with oral steroids?
25. At what rate should oral prednisone be tapered in Cranial Arteritis?
26. What test is the only test that confirms the diagnosis of temporal arteritis?

Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 20 – Conditions Commonly Encountered in Neuro-ophthalmology 1

Questions:
1. True or False: The term stroke includes cerebral ischemia (transient ischemic attacks and cerebral infarctions) and cerebral hemorrhage.
2. True or False: Central retinal artery and branch retinal artery occlusions are equivalent to strokes?
3. What are 12 manifestations of carotid disease?
4. What are 4 manifestations of carotid dissection?
5. What are 5 manifestations of carotid or vertebral artery dissections?
6. Is it correct that in most cases of ocular or cerebral ischemia an evaluation for a cause of thrombophilia should be performed?
7. Is it common for multiple types of congenital thrombophilia to coexist in the patient?
8. Does the presence of marked papilledema with cerebral venous thrombosis require prompt treatment to lower the intracranial pressure?
9. What are 5 classic presenting findings of cerebral venous thrombosis?
10. What tests are used to demonstrate the presence of cerebral venous thrombosis?
11. What retinal lesion is present in this image?

https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/Z59G3jneRqH4fwXB3bbKIkTu3B25k2RGVx0diySSf3-B1gQwHhdoSIOzfBrpA7Gu2J4s7yCpHRL6J62jqpdtGvWZZuifw8wNE3zf_RnJu-KV5FFD-RFxTPs8rma5XzeUPK525VWC

12. What retinal lesion is present in this image?

https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-OHQ1DVpHDmTA9rk38G2OZFn05XPplCNIfXPNNEfvV3kgiTjLQuKaNXD6_KKXUhC1b55sqYl6Ugjnof9Abih9AkXQKkk0PDNFRNZeEiCZFuG60LHTiSGOZwnGRyQg7G3fYuZrtsD

13. What syndrome do these images suggest?

https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/6pMe5yxAnURAN8tUJZpme1HELvydXUvTvWjGb9MXFs0h4l_NXWvlZ5MR1UUKsdDVbUDWRWd1mgwkhOwa2eixbSrjzKGic4cPQiW52TNjsBg6huBNbm1713pT7AIlbI2xwmP-DUbe

14. What are the 4 classic findings of Terson syndrome?
15. What should be suspected in the presence of a patient with the following findings:
a. Headaches
b. Seizures
c. Focal neurological symptoms and signs (transient ischemic attacks,
cerebral infarctions, or cerebral hemorrhages)
d. Altered mental status?