Questions:
49. What are the 4 most common neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of mitochondrial disorders?
50. Name 8 mitochondrial disorders with neuro-ophthalmic manifestations?
51. What are the ophthalmic and systemic manifestations of CPEO (chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia)?
52. What are the ophthalmic and systemic manifestations of LHON (Leber hereditary optic neuropathy)?
Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 20-Conditions Commonly Encountered in Neuro-ophthalmology 6
August 5, 2020 By
Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 20 – Conditions Commonly Encountered in Neuro-ophthalmology 1
July 1, 2020 By
Questions:
1. True or False: The term stroke includes cerebral ischemia (transient ischemic attacks and cerebral infarctions) and cerebral hemorrhage.
2. True or False: Central retinal artery and branch retinal artery occlusions are equivalent to strokes?
3. What are 12 manifestations of carotid disease?
4. What are 4 manifestations of carotid dissection?
5. What are 5 manifestations of carotid or vertebral artery dissections?
6. Is it correct that in most cases of ocular or cerebral ischemia an evaluation for a cause of thrombophilia should be performed?
7. Is it common for multiple types of congenital thrombophilia to coexist in the patient?
8. Does the presence of marked papilledema with cerebral venous thrombosis require prompt treatment to lower the intracranial pressure?
9. What are 5 classic presenting findings of cerebral venous thrombosis?
10. What tests are used to demonstrate the presence of cerebral venous thrombosis?
11. What retinal lesion is present in this image?
12. What retinal lesion is present in this image?
13. What syndrome do these images suggest?
14. What are the 4 classic findings of Terson syndrome?
15. What should be suspected in the presence of a patient with the following findings:
a. Headaches
b. Seizures
c. Focal neurological symptoms and signs (transient ischemic attacks,
cerebral infarctions, or cerebral hemorrhages)
d. Altered mental status?
Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 17 – Disorders of the Eyelid 2
April 29, 2020 By
Questions:
7. Is aponeurotic ptosis usually unilateral or bilateral?
8. What findings on an exam of the upper eyelid are likely to be present with aponeurotic ptosis?
9. What is the most common condition causing acquired ptosis in patients over age 50?
10. What usually causes acquired ptosis in young patients?
11. In addition to measuring eyelid positions and levator function, what 2 exam techniques should be performed in all patients with ptosis?
12. What condition must be ruled-out in all patients with presumed myogenic ptosis?
13. What is the hallmark of myasthenic ptosis?
Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 16 – Nystagmus and Other Ocular Oscillations 1
April 1, 2020 By
Questions:
1. What are the characteristics of physiologic nystagmus?
2. How is pathologic nystagmus characterized?
3. Why is it important to differentiate peripheral from central nystagmus? 4. How is peripheral nystagmus different from central nystagmus?
5. What are the findings in jerk nystagmus?
6. What are the findings in pendular nystagmus?
7. What are the characteristics of acquired pendular nystagmus?
8. What are the characteristics of infantile (congenital) pendular nystagmus?
9. What is latent nystagmus?
10. What is spasmus nutans?
11. What is infantile monocular pendular nystagmus?
12. What is acquired gaze-evoked nystagmus?
Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 15 – Cavernous Sinus and Orbital Vascular Disorders 2
March 25, 2020 By
Questions:
11. When is treatment indicated for carotid-cavernous fistulas?
12. What are the findings of thrombosis of the cavernous sinus?
13. What is the usual cause of cavernous sinus thrombosis?
14. What should be considered in a patient with apparent orbital cellulitis?
15. What are the major risks of thrombosis of the cavernous sinus?
16. What are 3 very serious complications of cavernous sinus thrombosis?
17. What is the mnemonic for the structures and their position in the cavernous sinus?
18. What is the cause of “orbital varices”?
19. What should be considered when a crying infant eye bulges?
____________________________________________________
Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 15 – Cavernous Sinus and Orbital Vascular Disorders 1
March 18, 2020 By
Questions:
1. What symptoms and signs may develop from an aneurysm of the internal carotid artery within the cavernous sinus?
2. What are the characteristics of direct shunts between the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus?
3. What are the characteristics of indirect carotid-cavernous or dural shunts?
4. Does a carotid-cavernous fistula have unilateral or bilateral ocular symptoms?
5. Do carotid-cavernous fistulas always have ocular symptoms?
6. What are 10 ocular findings of a carotid-cavernous fistula?
7. Which of the cranial nerves is most commonly affected by a carotid-cavernous fistula?
8. Can mechanical restriction of extraocular muscles occur with a carotid-cavernous fistula?
9. What diagnosis should be considered in an elderly woman with a mild headache, and elevated intraocular pressure?
10. What should be considered in all patients with a bruit accompanying a chronically red eye?
Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 14 – Orbital Syndromes
March 11, 2020 By
Questions:
1. What is an orbital syndrome?
2. What are the common features of the orbital syndromes?
3. What are 5 categories of acute or subacute orbital syndromes?
4. What is the most cause of unilateral or bilateral proptosis?
5. What should be suspected if there is proptosis with globe displacement?
6. What tumor is classically associated with fat atrophy and enophthalmos?
7. Why do patients with an orbital syndrome need to be evaluated urgently?
8. What imaging tests are appropriate for orbital syndromes?
9. Do brain CT and MRI scans often miss orbital processes?
10.Is orbital biopsy often necessary?
Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 13 Diplopia 13 – Localization of Findings & Treatment of Diplopia – 3rd and 4th Nerves
February 26, 2020 By
Questions:
161. Where do these findings localize the lesion: 4th nerve palsy with contralateral Horner syndrome?
162Where do these findings localize the lesion: 3rd nerve palsy with contralateral ptosis and contralateral superior rectus weakness?
163. Where do these findings localize the lesion: 3rd nerve palsy with contralateral hemiparesis?
164. Where do these findings localize the lesion: 3rd nerve palsy and ipsilateral cerebellar ataxia?
165. Where do these findings localize the lesion: 3rd nerve palsy and contralateral tremor?
166. Where do these findings localize the lesion: 3rd nerve palsy and contralateral ataxia with tremor?
167. Where do these findings localize the lesion: 3rd nerve palsy with vertical gaze palsy, lid retraction, skew deviation, and convergence nystagmus?
168. Where do these findings localize the lesion: 3rd nerve palsy with depressed mental status?
Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 13 Diplopia 13 – Localization of Findings & Treatment of Diplopia – 6th nerve
February 19, 2020 By
Questions:
156. Where do these findings localize the lesion: Horizontal gaze palsy with ipsilateral facial palsy?
157. Where do these findings localize the lesion: 6th nerve palsy with contralateral hemiparesis?
158. Where do these findings localize the lesion: 6th nerve palsy with ipsilateral 7th nerve palsy and contralateral hemiparesis?
159. Where do these findings localize the lesion: 6th nerve palsy with ipsilateral 7th nerve palsy, deafness, hypoesthesia, Horner syndrome, contralateral pain, thermal hypoesthesia, and ataxia?
160. Where do these findings localize the lesion: 6th nerve palsy with ipsilateral Horner syndrome?
Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated Chapter 13 Diplopia 12 – Skew, Tilt, Whipple & Ocular Neuromyotonia
February 12, 2020 By
Questions:
143. What are 7 characteristics of Skew Deviation?
144. What test can help differentiate a 4th nerve palsy from skew deviation?
145. What is the ocular tilt reaction?
146. What transmission pathway is disrupted in skew deviation and the ocular tilt reaction?
147. What infectious condition can cause a vertical gaze palsy?
148. What is the cause of Whipple disease?
149. What are the findings of Whipple disease?
150. Where are saccadic eye movements initiated?
151. Where are smooth pursuit eye movements generated?
152. What is the function of inputs to the visual system from the vestibular nuclear complexes?
153. What is Ocular Neuromyotonia?
154. What are the symptoms of Ocular Neuromyotonia?
155. What is the usual cause of Ocular Neuromyotonia?